Manual

CAARS 2 Manual

Chapter 13: Translations, Tables

Table 13.1. Internal Consistency: French Translation of the CAARS 2

Scale		Self-Report		Observer
Scale		Alpha	Omega	Alpha	Omega
Content Scales	Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	.97	.97	.98	.98
	Hyperactivity	.94	.94	.96	.96
	Impulsivity	.92	.92	.95	.95
	Emotional Dysregulation	.94	.94	.95	.96
	Negative Self-Concept	.91	.92	.88	.89
DSM Symptom Scales	ADHD Inattentive Symptoms	.94	.94	.95	.95
	ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive Symptoms	.92	.93	.95	.95
	ADHD Total Symptoms	.96	.96	.97	.97

Note. Self-Report N = 274 and Observer N = 195.

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Table 13.2. Within-Subjects Measurement Invariance by Language Version (French vs. English): CAARS 2 Self-Report

Scale	Invariance Model	χ²	df	RMSEA	CFI	TLI	SRMR	Satorra-Bentler χ²	df	ΔCFI
Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	Configural	2666.97***	1679	.046	.960	.957	.070	––
	Weak	2689.54***	1708	.046	.961	.958	.070	41.63	29	.000
	Strong	2733.17***	1766	.045	.961	.960	.070	69.16	58	.000
	Strict	2622.17***	1794	.041	.966	.967	.072	35.25	28	.005
Hyperactivity	Configural	633.34***	285	.067	.965	.958	.070	––
	Weak	632.81***	297	.064	.966	.961	.070	7.81	12	.001
	Strong	642.28***	322	.060	.968	.966	.070	31.82	25	.002
	Strict	623.12***	334	.056	.970	.970	.073	20.12	12	.002
Impulsivity	Configural	688.05***	285	.072	.948	.938	.073	––
	Weak	686.96***	296	.070	.950	.942	.073	7.66	11	.002
	Strong	698.19***	322	.065	.952	.949	.073	29.12	26	.002
	Strict	676.44***	335	.061	.956	.956	.077	20.73	13	.004
Emotional Dysregulation	Configural	283.10***	125	.068	.983	.978	.046	––
	Weak	288.52***	133	.065	.984	.980	.046	10.10	8	.001
	Strong	291.61***	150	.059	.985	.984	.047	14.06	17	.001
	Strict	270.69***	159	.051	.988	.988	.049	9.18	9	.003
Negative Self-Concept	Configural	247.35***	69	.097	.981	.972	.050	––
	Weak	259.48***	75	.095	.980	.973	.050	12.04	6	.000
	Strong	270.82***	88	.087	.980	.977	.050	11.03	13	.000
	Strict	254.37***	94	.079	.981	.981	.052	10.17	6	.001

Note. N = 274 French version; N = 274 English version. RMSEA = Root mean square error of approximation; CFI = Comparative Fit Index; TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index; SRMR = Standardized root mean square residual; ∆CFI = change in CFI. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Exploration of partial invariance models at the Strict invariance step for the Inattention/Executive Dysfunction, Hyperactivity, and Negative Self-Concept scales showed that releasing one (Hyperactivity and Negative Self-Concept) or two (Inattention/Executive Dysfunction) item residuals resulted in partial invariance results being achieved.

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Table 13.3. Within-Subjects Measurement Invariance by Language Version (French vs. English): CAARS 2 Observer

Scale	Invariance Model	χ²	df	RMSEA	CFI	TLI	SRMR	Satorra-Bentler χ²	df	ΔCFI
Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	Configural	2325.64***	1679	.045	.975	.973	.065	––
	Weak	2347.82***	1708	.044	.975	.973	.065	30.09	29	.000
	Strong	2389.34***	1766	.043	.976	.975	.065	58.90	58	.001
	Strict	2312.57***	1796	.039	.980	.980	.070	39.41	30	.004
Hyperactivity	Configural	531.95***	285	.067	.972	.967	.068	––
	Weak	539.93***	297	.065	.973	.969	.068	9.86	12	.000
	Strong	558.69***	321	.062	.973	.972	.069	25.66	24	.001
	Strict	548.94***	333	.058	.976	.975	.073	16.52	12	.003
Impulsivity	Configural	610.89***	285	.077	.966	.960	.071	––
	Weak	623.59***	297	.075	.966	.961	.071	18.22	12	.000
	Strong	640.95***	321	.072	.967	.965	.072	24.81	24	.001
	Strict	628.81***	334	.067	.970	.969	.074	22.36	13	.003
Emotional Dysregulation	Configural	301.95***	125	.085	.986	.981	.048	––
	Weak	305.21***	133	.082	.986	.983	.048	6.21	8	.000
	Strong	320.59***	150	.077	.986	.985	.048	24.89	17	.000
	Strict	287.61***	159	.065	.990	.989	.052	10.78	9	.003
Negative Self-Concept	Configural	107.18***	69	.053	.992	.989	.046	––
	Weak	114.93***	75	.052	.992	.990	.046	9.58	6	.000
	Strong	127.57***	88	.048	.992	.991	.048	16.37	13	.000
	Strict	139.46***	95	.049	.991	.991	.055	13.84	7	.001

Note. N = 195 French version; N = 195 English version. RMSEA = Root mean square error of approximation; CFI = Comparative Fit Index; TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index; SRMR = Standardized root mean square residual; ∆CFI = change in CFI. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Exploration of partial invariance models for the Hyperactivity scale showed that one item residual had to be released to meet the strict invariance hypothesis.

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Table 13.4. Correlations and Mean Differences by Language Version (French vs. English): CAARS 2 Self-Report

Scale	Correlations		French		English		Paired t-tests
Scale	Obtained r	Corrected r	M	SD	M	SD	Cohen’s d	t (273)	p
Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	.91	.95	49.5	8.2	49.3	8.2	0.05	0.88	.378
Hyperactivity	.84	.90	47.9	8.6	48.5	8.7	0.11	-1.87	.063
Impulsivity	.87	.90	48.5	9.0	48.8	9.4	0.06	-0.99	.323
Emotional Dysregulation	.86	.90	48.1	9.1	48.4	9.1	0.05	-0.90	.368
Negative Self-Concept	.88	.91	50.4	9.2	50.1	8.9	0.07	1.13	.258
DSM ADHD Inattentive Symptoms	.89	.95	49.5	8.1	49.1	7.9	0.11	1.84	.067
DSM ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive Symptoms	.84	.91	48.1	8.5	48.7	8.7	0.13	-2.18	.030
DSM Total ADHD Symptoms	.89	.95	48.7	8.1	48.8	8.0	0.03	-0.43	.668

Note. N = 274. All r significant, p < .001. Guidelines for interpreting |r|: very weak < .20; weak = .20 to .39; moderate = .40 to .59; strong = .60 to .79; very strong ≥ .80. Guidelines for interpreting Cohen’s |d|: negligible effect size < 0.20; small effect size = 0.20 to 0.49; medium effect size = 0.50 to 0.79; large effect size ≥ 0.80. A positive Cohen’s d value indicates higher scores for the French version than the English version.

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Table 13.5. Correlations and Mean Differences by Form Language (French vs. English): CAARS 2 Observer

Scale	Correlations		French		English		Paired t-tests
Scale	Obtained r	Corrected r	M	SD	M	SD	Cohen’s d	t (193)	p
Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	.90	.91	49.5	9.2	49.3	10.2	0.03	0.48	.635
Hyperactivity	.88	.87	48.9	9.9	49.3	10.5	0.08	-1.13	.262
Impulsivity	.88	.88	49.6	9.8	49.3	10.7	0.05	0.69	.494
Emotional Dysregulation	.91	.91	50.8	9.9	50.2	10.2	0.14	1.98	.049
Negative Self-Concept	.84	.91	50.9	8.2	51.3	8.5	0.08	-1.11	.267
DSM ADHD Inattentive Symptoms	.87	.89	50.3	9.3	49.9	10.0	0.09	1.20	.232
DSM ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive Symptoms	.87	.86	49.6	10.0	49.6	10.6	0.00	-0.04	.971
DSM Total ADHD Symptoms	.89	.89	50.1	9.6	49.8	10.4	0.05	0.67	.503

Note. N = 195. All r significant, p < .001. Guidelines for interpreting |r|: very weak < .20; weak = .20 to .39; moderate = .40 to .59; strong = .60 to .79; very strong ≥ .80. Guidelines for interpreting Cohen’s |d|: negligible effect size < 0.20; small effect size = 0.20 to 0.49; medium effect size = 0.50 to 0.79; large effect size ≥ 0.80. A positive Cohen’s d value indicates higher scores for the French version than the English version.

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Table 13.6. Concordance of Item Elevations/Endorsements by Language (French vs. English)

Item Set	Item Stem	Self-Report			Observer
Item Set	Item Stem	% Concordant	χ²	p	% Concordant	χ²	p
Associated Clinical Concern Items	Suicidal thoughts/attempts	97.8	1.50	.221	92.3	0.00	1.00
	Self-Injury	96.7	1.78	.182	94.4	0.36	.546
	Sadness/emptiness^*	90.5	0.04	.845	93.3	0.00	1.00
	Anxiety/Worry	85.4	0.03	.874	87.7	0.04	.838
Impairment & Functional Outcome Items	Bothered by things endorsed on the CAARS 2	91.2	0.04	.838	90.3	0.21	.646
	Things endorsed on the CAARS 2 interfere with life	89.4	13.79	< .001	88.7	3.68	.055
	Problems in romantic/marital relationship(s)	92.3	0.76	.383	91.8	0.56	.453
	Problems in relationships with family members	93.8	0.00	1.00	90.8	0.06	.814
	Problems in relationships with friends, coworkers, or neighbors	96.0	0.00	1.00	91.3	0.24	.628
	Problems at work and/or school	91.2	1.04	.307	92.8	0.07	.789
	Has a harder time with things than other people do	90.9	0.16	.689	86.7	3.12	.078
	Underachiever	89.1	0.00	1.00	93.3	0.00	1.00
	Sleep problems	93.8	0.00	1.00	87.2	0.00	1.00
	Problems with money management	92.3	1.71	.190	93.3	0.31	.579
	Neglects family or household responsibilities	90.1	1.33	.248	93.3	0.00	1.00
	Risky driving	92.0	2.23	.136	94.4	1.45	.228
	Problems due to time spent online	92.0	2.23	.136	93.3	0.31	.228

Note. The chi-square test statistic and its associated p value are for the McNemar’s tests (df = 1).
^* The item stem for this Screening Item is Sadness/Emptiness for Self-Report and Sadness for Observer.

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Table 13.7. Concordance of the Validity Scales by Language (French vs. English)

Scale	Self-Report			Observer
Scale	% Concordant	χ²	p	% Concordant	χ²	p
Negative Impression Index	92.7	0.45	.502	97.9	0.00	1.00
Inconsistency Index	93.1	0.00	1.00	91.8	0.00	1.00

Note. The chi-square test statistic and its associated p value are for the McNemar’s tests (df = 1).

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Table 13.8. Internal Consistency: Spanish Translation of the CAARS 2

Scale		Self-Report		Observer
Scale		Alpha	Omega	Alpha	Omega
Content Scales	Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	.98	.98	.99	.99
	Hyperactivity	.93	.93	.97	.97
	Impulsivity	.92	.92	.97	.97
	Emotional Dysregulation	.93	.93	.97	.97
	Negative Self-Concept	.89	.90	.89	.90
DSM Symptom Scales	ADHD Inattentive Symptoms	.95	.95	.97	.97
	ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive Symptoms	.92	.92	.96	.96
	ADHD Total Symptoms	.96	.96	.98	.98

Note. Self-Report N = 283 and Observer N = 230.

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Table 13.9. Within-Subjects Measurement Invariance by Language Version (Spanish vs. English): CAARS 2 Self-Report

Scale	Invariance Model	χ²	df	RMSEA	CFI	TLI	SRMR	Satorra-Bentler χ²	df	Δ CFI
Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	Configural	2345.78***	1679	.038	.978	.977	.051	––
	Weak	2366.51***	1708	.037	.978	.977	.051	30.55	29	.000
	Strong	2400.41***	1766	.036	.979	.979	.051	48.86	58	.001
	Strict	2307.65***	1795	.032	.983	.983	.055	37.48	29	.004
Hyperactivity	Configural	791.76***	285	.079	.946	.936	.083	––
	Weak	793.09***	296	.077	.947	.940	.083	16.76	11	.001
	Strong	793.29***	318	.073	.949	.947	.083	31.99	22	.002
	Strict	741.85***	330	.067	.956	.955	.086	17.76	12	.007
Impulsivity	Configural	601.47***	285	.063	.962	.955	.071	––
	Weak	596.58***	297	.060	.964	.960	.071	6.37	12	.002
	Strong	602.07***	322	.056	.967	.965	.071	22.13	25	.003
	Strict	583.63***	335	.051	.970	.970	.073	18.20	13	.003
Emotional Dysregulation	Configural	362.57***	125	.082	.973	.964	.055	––
	Weak	358.39***	133	.078	.974	.968	.055	4.13	8	.001
	Strong	361.49***	150	.071	.976	.974	.055	22.19	17	.002
	Strict	340.47***	157	.064	.979	.978	.057	11.10	7	.003
Negative Self-Concept	Configural	181.50***	69	.076	.983	.976	.050	––
	Weak	183.17***	75	.072	.984	.979	.050	4.79	6	.001
	Strong	183.07***	88	.062	.986	.984	.050	11.09	13	.002
	Strict	166.42***	95	.052	.989	.989	.052	5.70	7	.003

Note. N = 283 Spanish version; N = 283 English version. RMSEA = Root mean square error of approximation; CFI = Comparative Fit Index; TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index; SRMR = Standardized root mean square residual; ∆CFI = change in CFI. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Exploration of partial invariance models at the weak invariance step showed that one loading had to be released for the Hyperactivity scale to become partially invariant. Further, one threshold had to be released for both the Hyperactivity and Inattention/Executive Dysfunction scales to satisfy strong invariance. Finally, one residual for the Hyperactivity and Inattention/Executive Dysfunction scales and two residuals for the Emotional Dysregulation scale had to be released to satisfy strict invariance.

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Table 13.10. Within-Subjects Measurement Invariance by Language Version (Spanish vs. English): CAARS 2 Observer

Scale	Invariance Model	χ²	df	RMSEA	CFI	TLI	SRMR	Satorra-Bentler χ²	df	Δ CFI
Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	Configural	2126.20***	1679	.034	.987	.986	.044	––
	Weak	2146.41***	1708	.033	.987	.986	.044	20.06	29	.000
	Strong	2201.57***	1767	.033	.987	.987	.044	71.47	59	.000
	Strict	2169.47***	1797	.030	.989	.989	.049	41.42	30	.002
Hyperactivity	Configural	486.59***	285	.056	.984	.981	.046	––
	Weak	498.49***	297	.054	.984	.982	.046	18.66	12	.000
	Strong	516.27***	321	.052	.985	.984	.046	26.74	24	.001
	Strict	503.03***	333	.047	.987	.986	.050	18.59	12	.002
Impulsivity	Configural	410.63***	285	.044	.990	.988	.038	––
	Weak	419.40***	297	.042	.990	.989	.038	12.20	12	.000
	Strong	440.65***	321	.040	.991	.990	.038	29.76	24	.001
	Strict	439.76***	333	.037	.992	.991	.043	18.17	12	.001
Emotional Dysregulation	Configural	259.31***	125	.068	.991	.988	.032	––
	Weak	263.26***	133	.065	.991	.989	.032	6.59	8	.000
	Strong	276.76***	150	.061	.992	.991	.032	20.03	17	.001
	Strict	238.87***	159	.047	.995	.995	.033	4.65	9	.003
Negative Self-Concept	Configural	150.02***	69	.072	.986	.980	.053	––
	Weak	143.25***	75	.063	.988	.984	.053	2.20	6	.002
	Strong	142.95***	88	.052	.990	.989	.054	11.80	13	.002
	Strict	140.16***	93	.047	.992	.991	.055	5.36	5	.002

Note. N = 230 Spanish version; N = 230 English version. RMSEA = Root mean square error of approximation; CFI = Comparative Fit Index; TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index; SRMR = Standardized root mean square residual; ∆CFI = change in CFI. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Exploration of partial invariance models found that one item threshold had to be released for the Impulsivity and Hyperactivity scale to satisfy strong invariance. One residual had to be released for the Impulsivity and Hyperactivity scales to satisfy strict invariance, and two residuals for the Negative Self-Concept scale.

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Table 13.11. Correlations and Mean Differences by Language Version (Spanish vs. English): CAARS 2 Self-Report

Scale	Correlations		English		Spanish		Paired t-tests
Scale	Obtained r	Corrected r	M	SD	M	SD	Cohen’s d	t (281)	p
Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	.92	.96	47.1	8.6	47.4	8.3	0.10	1.71	.088
Hyperactivity	.84	.90	47.7	9.0	46.7	8.1	0.19	-3.23	.001
Impulsivity	.85	.88	46.9	9.4	47.0	9.3	0.03	0.44	.663
Emotional Dysregulation	.87	.92	46.8	8.8	46.8	8.4	0.00	0.04	.965
Negative Self-Concept	.84	.94	46.2	7.6	46.0	7.4	0.05	-0.82	.414
DSM ADHD Inattentive Symptoms	.89	.95	47.2	8.3	47.3	8.1	0.04	0.68	.498
DSM ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive Symptoms	.82	.88	47.9	9.0	47.3	8.4	0.10	-1.62	.106
DSM Total ADHD Symptoms	.89	.94	47.3	8.5	47.1	8.2	0.05	-0.78	.434

Note. N = 283. All r significant, p < .001. Guidelines for interpreting |r|: very weak < .20; weak = .20 to .39; moderate = .40 to .59; strong = .60 to .79; very strong ≥ .80. Guidelines for interpreting Cohen’s |d|: negligible effect size < 0.20; small effect size = 0.20 to 0.49; medium effect size = 0.50 to 0.79; large effect size ≥ 0.80. A positive Cohen’s d value indicates higher scores for the Spanish version than the English version.

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Table 13.12. Correlations and Mean Differences by Form Language (Spanish vs. English): CAARS 2 Observer

Scale	Correlations		English		Spanish		Paired t-tests
Scale	Obtained r	Corrected r	M	SD	M	SD	Cohen’s d	t (228)	p
Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	.89	.84	49.0	11.5	48.5	10.9	0.08	1.18	.240
Hyperactivity	.89	.83	50.0	12.0	49.2	11.1	0.13	2.03	.044
Impulsivity	.86	.79	49.0	11.7	49.1	11.4	0.01	-0.19	.852
Emotional Dysregulation	.87	.84	49.7	11.0	49.4	10.7	0.06	0.98	.329
Negative Self-Concept	.79	.84	48.8	9.6	49.3	8.8	0.08	-1.28	.202
DSM ADHD Inattentive Symptoms	.88	.84	49.5	11.0	48.8	10.5	0.12	1.82	.070
DSM ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive Symptoms	.87	.81	50.3	11.8	49.7	11.0	0.11	1.59	.113
DSM Total ADHD Symptoms	.89	.84	49.9	11.7	49.3	11.0	0.13	1.91	.058

Note. N = 230. All r significant, p < .001. Guidelines for interpreting |r|: very weak < .20; weak = 20 to .39; moderate = .40 to .59; strong = .60 to .79; very strong ≥ .80. Guidelines for interpreting Cohen’s |d|: negligible effect size < 0.20; small effect size = 0.20 to 0.49; medium effect size = 0.50 to 0.79; large effect size ≥ 0.80. A positive Cohen’s d value indicates higher scores for the Spanish version than the English version.

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Table 13.13. Concordance of Item Elevations/Endorsements by Language (Spanish vs. English)

Item Set	Item Stem	Self-Report			Observer
Item Set	Item Stem	% Concordant	χ²	p	% Concordant	χ²	p
Associated Clinical Concern Items	Suicidal thoughts/attempts	94.7	0.00	1.000	93.0	0.06	.803
	Self-Injury	94.7	0.27	.606	93.5	0.27	.606
	Sadness/emptiness^*	90.5	1.33	.248	93.0	0.56	.453
	Anxiety/worry	92.9	0.00	1.000	87.4	0.14	.710
Impairment & Functional Outcome Items	Bothered by things endorsed on the CAARS 2	92.6	0.00	1.000	90.4	2.23	.136
	Things endorsed on the CAARS 2 interfere with life	91.2	0.00	1.000	90.0	0.00	1.000
	Problems in romantic/marital relationship(s)	91.9	0.17	.677	87.4	0.00	1.000
	Problems in relationships with family members	94.0	0.24	.628	89.6	0.00	1.000
	Problems in relationships with friends, coworkers, or neighbors	92.2	0.05	.831	89.6	0.04	.838
	Problems at work and/or school	93.3	0.21	.646	86.1	0.03	.860
	Has a harder time with things than other people do	91.5	3.38	.066	89.6	2.04	.153
	Underachiever	90.5	0.59	.441	92.2	0.06	.814
	Sleep problems	97.5	0.00	1.000	92.2	1.39	.239
	Problems with money management	95.1	0.64	.423	93.5	0.00	1.000
	Neglects family or household responsibilities	93.6	1.39	.239	93.5	0.27	.606
	Risky driving	94.3	0.56	.453	91.3	0.00	1.000
	Problems due to time spent online	91.2	7.84	.005	89.6	2.04	.153

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Table 13.14. Concordance of the Validity Scales by Language (Spanish vs. English)

Scales	Self-Report			Observer
Scales	% Concordant	χ²	p	% Concordant	χ²	p
Negative Impression Index	93.3	0.00	1.000	92.6	0.00	1.000
Inconsistency Index	92.9	0.00	1.000	93.0	0.06	.803

Note. The chi-square test statistic and its associated p value are for the McNemar’s tests (df = 1).