Manual

CAARS 2 Manual

Chapter 7: Standardization, Tables

Table 7.1. Gender × Age Group of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Self-Report Combined Gender Normative Sample

Age Group	Female	Male	Other	Total
18-24	53	55	2	110
25-29	55	55	0	110
30-39	109	109	2	220
40-49	110	109	1	220
50-59	108	110	2	220
60-69	110	109	1	220
70+	126	94	0	220
Total	671	641	8	1,320
Total (%)	50.8	48.6	0.6	100.0

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Table 7.2. Gender × Age Group of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Observer Combined Gender Normative Sample

Age Group	Female	Male	Other	Total
18-24	55	55	0	110
25-29	55	55	0	110
30-39	109	110	1	220
40-49	110	110	0	220
50-59	109	109	2	220
60-69	110	110	0	220
70+	126	94	0	220
Total	674	643	3	1,320
Total (%)	51.1	48.7	0.2	100.0

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Table 7.3. Race/Ethnicity × Country × Age Group: CAARS 2 Self-Report Combined Gender Normative Sample

Age Group	U.S.						Canada			Total
Age Group	Asian	Black	Hispanic	White	Other	Subtotal	Not a visible minority	Visible minority	Subtotal	Total
18-24	6	14	24	52	4	100	7	3	10	110
25-29	6	12	21	59	2	100	8	2	10	110
30-39	8	25	37	124	6	200	15	5	20	220
40-49	13	26	29	130	2	200	17	3	20	220
50-59	12	28	24	132	4	200	17	3	20	220
60-69	10	21	25	140	4	200	17	3	20	220
70+	12	19	17	150	2	200	15	5	20	220
Total	67	145	177	787	24	1,200	96	24	120	1,320
Total (%)	5.6	12.1	14.8	65.6	2	100.0	80	20	100.0
Census (%)	5.9	12.9	16.9	61.4	2.9		79.3	20.7

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.4. Race/Ethnicity × Country × Age Group of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Observer Combined Gender Normative Sample

Age Group	U.S.						Canada			Total
Age Group	Asian	Black	Hispanic	White	Other	Subtotal	Not a visible minority	Visible minority	Subtotal	Total
18-24	6	12	21	54	7	100	6	4	10	110
25-29	6	16	18	56	4	100	8	2	10	110
30-39	7	31	38	118	6	200	16	4	20	220
40-49	9	26	27	134	4	200	15	5	20	220
50-59	10	27	30	129	4	200	17	3	20	220
60-69	7	25	21	140	7	200	18	2	20	220
70+	9	19	20	150	2	200	15	5	20	220
Total	54	156	175	781	34	1,200	95	25	120	1,320
Total (%)	4.5	13.0	14.6	65.1	2.8	100.0	79.2	20.8	100.0
Census (%)	5.9	12.9	16.9	61.4	2.9		79.3	20.7

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey, and Canadian population data are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.5. Region × Country × Age Group of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Self-Report Combined Gender Normative Sample

Age Group	U.S.					Canada				Total
Age Group	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal	Total
18-24	18	17	41	24	100	0	7	3	10	110
25-29	18	22	37	23	100	0	6	4	10	110
30-39	38	44	74	44	200	0	13	7	20	220
40-49	36	43	77	44	200	2	12	6	20	220
50-59	36	40	79	45	200	3	11	6	20	220
60-69	37	41	77	45	200	2	13	5	20	220
70+	35	45	75	45	200	2	12	6	20	220
Total	218	252	460	270	1,200	9	74	37	120	1,320
Total (%)	18.2	21.0	38.3	22.5	100.0	7.5	61.7	30.8	100.0
Census (%)	17.2	20.9	38.1	23.8		6.9	61.7	31.4

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.6. Region × Country × Age Group of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Observer Combined Gender Normative Sample

Age Group	U.S.					Canada				Total
Age Group	Northeast	Midwest	South	West	Subtotal	East	Central	West	Subtotal	Total
18-24	19	19	38	24	100	2	5	3	10	110
25-29	18	22	35	25	100	0	6	4	10	110
30-39	37	44	75	44	200	1	13	6	20	220
40-49	36	44	79	41	200	1	11	8	20	220
50-59	34	37	80	49	200	2	12	6	20	220
60-69	35	46	77	42	200	1	13	6	20	220
70+	36	44	74	46	200	2	12	6	20	220
Total	215	256	458	271	1,200	9	72	39	120	1,320
Total (%)	17.9	21.3	38.2	22.6	100.0	7.5	60.0	32.5	100.0
Census (%)	17.2	20.9	38.1	23.8		6.9	61.7	31.4

Note. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey; Canadian census figures are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.7. Education Level × Country × Age Group of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Self-Report Combined Gender Normative Sample

Age Group	U.S.						Canada						Total
Age Group	EL 1	EL 2	EL 3	EL 4	EL 5	Subtotal	EL 1	EL 2	EL 3	EL 4	EL 5	Subtotal	Total
18-24	18	31	42	9	0	100	0	5	1	2	2	10	110
25-29	6	26	30	29	9	100	1	3	2	2	2	10	110
30-39	14	51	61	51	23	200	2	6	6	4	2	20	220
40-49	14	53	56	47	30	200	2	5	7	5	1	20	220
50-59	14	56	61	44	25	200	2	7	6	4	1	20	220
60-69	17	58	58	43	24	200	1	3	7	6	3	20	220
70+	31	69	42	33	25	200	5	5	6	2	2	20	220
Total	114	344	350	256	136	1,200	13	34	35	25	13	120	1,320
Total (%)	9.5	28.7	29.2	21.3	11.3	100.0	10.8	28.3	29.2	20.8	10.8	100.0
Census (%)	10.9	28.6	28.2	20.6	11.6		11.0	28.9	28.6	20.0	11.4

Note. EL = Education level; EL 1 = No high school diploma; EL 2 = High school diploma/GED; EL 3 = Some college or associate degree; EL 4 = Bachelor’s degree; EL 5 = Graduate or professional degree. U.S. census figures are from the 2018 American Community Survey, and Canadian population data are from the 2016 Statistics Canada National Census.

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Table 7.8. Education Level × Country × Age Group of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Observer Combined Gender Normative Sample

Age Group	U.S.						Canada						Total
Age Group	EL 1	EL 2	EL 3	EL 4	EL 5	Subtotal	EL 1	EL 2	EL 3	EL 4	EL 5	Subtotal	Total
18-24	14	35	42	8	1	100	0	5	3	2	0	10	110
25-29	6	26	32	26	10	100	0	4	3	2	1	10	110
30-39	12	54	56	53	25	200	1	4	8	5	2	20	220
40-49	12	55	57	49	27	200	1	3	6	3	7	20	220
50-59	19	59	57	36	29	200	1	7	9	3	0	20	220
60-69	23	61	55	39	22	200	3	5	4	4	4	20	220
70+	33	63	42	35	27	200	5	5	6	3	1	20	220
Total	119	353	341	246	141	1,200	11	33	39	22	15	120	1,320
Total (%)	9.9	29.4	28.4	20.5	11.8	100.0	9.2	27.5	32.5	18.3	12.5	100.0
Census (%)	10.9	28.6	28.2	20.6	11.6		11.0	28.9	28.6	20.0	11.4

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Table 7.9. Distribution of Clinical Diagnoses: CAARS 2 Self-Report Normative Samples

Diagnosis	Female	Male	Combined Gender	Total Portion of Sample (%)	DSM-5 Prevalence in Adults (%)
Major Depressive Disorder	47	27	74	5.6	7.0
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	19	23	42	3.2	2.5
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	24	17	41	3.1	2.9
Total Clinical Cases	53	39	90	––	––

Note. The total number of clinical cases is less than the sum of cases across clinical groups because individuals with co-occurring diagnoses count towards more than one diagnostic group.

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Table 7.10. Distribution of Clinical Diagnoses: CAARS 2 Observer Normative Samples

Diagnosis	Female	Male	Combined Gender	Total Portion of Sample (%)	DSM-5 Prevalence in Adults (%)
Major Depressive Disorder	37	23	60	4.5	7.0
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	13	21	34	2.6	2.5
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	21	12	33	2.5	2.9
Total Clinical Cases	48	39	87	––	––

Note. The total number of clinical cases is less than the sum of cases across clinical groups because individuals with co-occurring diagnoses count towards more than one diagnostic group.

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Table 7.11. Gender × Age Group of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Combined Gender ADHD Reference Samples

Age Group	Self-Report			Observer
Age Group	Female	Male	Other	Female	Male	Other
18-24	27	28	1	19	22	1
25-29	20	17	1	13	9	1
30-39	33	41	0	21	32	0
40-49	26	20	0	15	14	0
50-59	11	16	0	8	7	0
60+	7	7	0	4	3	0
Total	124	129	2	80	87	2

Note. Due to the sparse data for older age ranges, 60–69 years old and 70+ years old were collapsed into a single group (60+ years).

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Table 7.12. Demographic Characteristics of the Rated Individuals: Combined Gender ADHD Reference Samples

Demographic		Self-Report		Observer
Demographic		N	%	N	%
Gender	Female	124	48.6	81	47.6
	Male	129	50.6	87	51.2
	Other	2	0.8	2	1.2
U.S. Race/Ethnicity	Asian	2	0.9	0	0.0
	Black	5	2.3	3	2.0
	Hispanic	15	7.0	12	8.2
	White	184	85.6	128	87.1
	Other	9	4.2	4	2.7
Canadian Race/Ethnicity	Not a visible minority	33	82.5	17	73.9
Canadian Race/Ethnicity	Visible minority	7	17.5	6	26.1
U.S. Region	Northeast	46	21.4	37	25.2
	Midwest	50	23.3	37	25.2
	South	70	32.6	45	30.6
	West	49	22.8	28	19.0
Canadian Region	East	5	14.3	4	17.4
	Central	21	51.4	14	60.9
	West	14	34.3	5	21.7
Education Level	EL 1	2	0.8	1	0.6
	EL 2	34	13.3	21	12.4
	EL 3	98	38.4	73	42.9
	EL 4	68	26.7	37	21.8
	EL 5	53	20.8	38	22.4
ADHD Presentation	Inattentive	114	44.7	65	37.9
	Hyperactive/Impulsive	10	3.9	9	5.3
	Combined	131	51.4	96	56.8
Age in years M (SD)		36.1 (12.8)		34.7 (12.5)
Total		255	100.0	170	100.0

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Table 7.13. Treatment Status of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Combined Gender ADHD Reference Samples

Treatment Type	Self-Report		Observer
Treatment Type	N	%	N	%
Medication	202	79.3	128	75.3
Group Therapy	4	1.5	3	1.7
Psychological Therapy	83	31.4	50	27.9
Occupational Therapy	1	0.4	1	0.6
Speech Therapy	0	0.0	0	0.0
Special Education	2	0.8	2	1.1
Other Treatment	23	8.7	19	10.6
No Treatment	43	16.8	38	22.4
Total	255	100.0	170	100.0

Note. The total number of cases is less than the sum of cases across treatment types because respondents were instructed to select all applicable types of treatment. Selections were not mutually exclusive as clients could be receiving multiple forms of treatment concurrently.

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Table 7.14. Treatment Status of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Gender Specific ADHD Reference Samples

Treatment Type	Self-Report				Observer
	Female		Male		Female		Male
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Medication	103	83.1	89	69.0	65	80.2	51	58.6
Group Therapy	2	1.5	2	1.5	3	3.5	0	0.0
Psychological Therapy	37	28.5	46	34.1	24	28.2	26	28.3
Occupational Therapy	1	0.8	0	0.0	1	1.2	0	0.0
Speech Therapy	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Special Education	0	0.0	2	1.5	0	0.0	2	2.2
Other Treatment	14	10.8	9	6.7	9	10.6	10	10.9
No Treatment	76	58.5	76	56.3	48	56.5	54	58.7
Total	124	100.0	129	100.0	81	100.0	87	100.0

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Table 7.15. Differences in Scale Scores × Medication Use by the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 ADHD Reference Samples

Scale		Answered Thinking About Off vs. On Medication		Not Taking Medication vs. Taking Medication
Scale		Self-Report	Observer	Self-Report	Observer
Content Scales	Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	-.22	.02	-.22	-.22
	Hyperactivity	-.08	.19	-.08	-.08
	Impulsivity	-.14	.20	-.14	-.14
	Emotional Dysregulation	-.09	-.05	-.09	-.09
	Negative Self-Concept	-.09	-.11	-.09	-.09
DSM Symptom Scales	ADHD Inattentive	-.12	.20	-.12	-.12
	ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive	-.17	.08	-.17	-.17
	Total ADHD Symptoms	-.15	.16	-.15	-.15

Note. Values reported are Cliff’s delta effect size estimates for group differences. Guidelines for interpreting Cliff’s |d|: negligible effect size < .15; small effect size = .15 to .32; medium effect size = .33 to .46; large effect size ≥ .47. A positive Cliff’s d value indicates that the group listed first in the heading provided higher ratings than the group listed second (i.e., indicating higher levels of the symptoms in that category).

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Table 7.16. Age Group Differences of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Self-Report

Scale		Combined Gender		Female		Male
Scale		χ2 (df = 12)	p	χ2 (df = 12)	p	χ2 (df = 12)	p
Content Scales	Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	103.3	< .001	66.0	< .001	45.5	< .001
	Hyperactivity	65.5	< .001	44.6	< .001	30.1	.003
	Impulsivity	58.0	< .001	34.3	< .001	33.4	< .001
	Emotional Dysregulation	56.2	< .001	47.1	< .001	21.1	.049
	Negative Self-Concept	158.4	< .001	113.4	< .001	55.6	< .001
DSM Symptom Scales	ADHD Inattentive	73.1	< .001	45.4	< .001	34.0	< .001
	ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive	69.8	< .001	43.2	< .001	33.8	< .001
	Total ADHD Symptoms	78.9	< .001	50.2	< .001	37.1	< .001

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Table 7.17. Age Group Differences of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Observer

Scale		Combined Gender		Female		Male
Scale		χ2 (df = 12)	p	χ2 (df = 12)	p	χ2 (df = 12)	p
Content Scales	Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	38.7	<.001	31.1	.002	20.7	.055
	Hyperactivity	10.6	.566	12.3	.421	12.1	.436
	Impulsivity	19.3	.082	19.1	.087	13.5	.333
	Emotional Dysregulation	16.9	.152	20.6	.057	13.7	.321
	Negative Self-Concept	57.2	<.001	29.4	.003	43.9	<.001
DSM Symptom Scales	ADHD Inattentive	32.7	<.001	29.8	.003	17.5	.131
	ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive	10.1	.605	14.0	.302	13.9	.310
	Total ADHD Symptoms	18.1	.114	21.1	.048	13.4	.340

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Table 7.18. Correlations between Raw Scale Scores and Age: CAARS 2 Self-Report

Scale		Combined Gender		Female		Male
Scale		τ	p	τ	p	τ	p
Content Scales	Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	-.130	< .001	-.133	< .001	-.123	< .001
	Hyperactivity	-.110	< .001	-.103	< .001	-.116	< .001
	Impulsivity	-.110	< .001	-.104	< .001	-.114	< .001
	Emotional Dysregulation	-.108	< .001	-.137	< .001	-.074	.002
	Negative Self-Concept	-.203	< .001	-.234	< .001	-.169	< .001
DSM Symptom Scales	ADHD Inattentive	-.103	< .001	-.097	< .001	-.107	< .001
	ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive	-.122	< .001	-.117	< .001	-.127	< .001
	Total ADHD Symptoms	-.119	< .001	-.112	< .001	-.125	< .001

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Table 7.19. Correlations between Raw Scale Scores and Age of the Rated Individuals: CAARS 2 Observer

Scale		Combined Gender		Female		Male
Scale		τ	p	τ	p	τ	p
Content Scales	Inattention/Executive Dysfunction	-.072	< .001	-.07	.002	-.068	.003
	Hyperactivity	-.017	.309	-.009	.708	-.024	.311
	Impulsivity	-.057	< .001	-.057	.011	-.054	.019
	Emotional Dysregulation	-.054	.001	-.077	.001	-.025	.278
	Negative Self-Concept	-.101	< .001	-.097	< .001	-.111	< .001
DSM Symptom Scales	ADHD Inattentive	-.040	.014	-.037	.105	-.039	.094
	ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive	-.022	.173	-.007	.751	-.036	.120
	Total ADHD Symptoms	-.027	.088	-.016	.468	-.036	.114