The CAARS 2–Short was standardized using the same Normative and ADHD Reference Samples as the full-length CAARS 2; please see chapter 7, Standardization, for more information about the rated individuals and the raters in these samples. Raw scores for each CAARS 2–Short scale were calculated by summing item responses. For Self-Report and Observer, the distributions of raw scores were explored for differences between the normative age groups, and then regression models were created to generate smoothed means and SDs for each normative age group, the Normative Samples (Combined Gender, Males, Females), and ADHD Reference Samples (Combined Gender, Males, Females). The same continuous norming process described in Standardization Procedures in chapter 7, Standardization, was used to convert raw scores to T-scores for the CAARS 2–Short scales. Using this continuous norming methodology, the CAARS 2–Short scales were standardized to have T-scores with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10. Additionally, percentiles were calculated within each age group (and for the Gender Specific samples). Empirical percentiles were calculated for the Normative Samples to reflect the slightly skewed distribution of the raw scores, as opposed to using theoretical percentiles for the ADHD Reference Samples to reflect the normal distribution of the raw scores.