Conners 4 Manual

References


print this section

Adler, L. A., Faroane, S. V., Spencer, T. J., Berglund, P., Alperin, S., & Kessler, R. C. (2017). The structure of adult ADHD. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 26: e1555. doi:10.1002/mpr.1555

American Educational Research Association (AERA), American Psychological Association (APA), & National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text revision).

American Psychological Association. (2021). Inclusive language guidelines. https://www.apa.org/about/apa/equitydiversity-inclusion/language-guidelines.pdf

Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing (7th ed.). McMillan.

Angoff, W. H., & Robertson, G. J. (1987). A procedure for standardizing individually administered tests, normed by age or grade level. Applied Psychological Measurement, 11, 33–46. doi:10.1177/014662168701100102

Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 57–87.

Arcia, E., & Conners, C. K. (1998). Gender differences in ADHD? Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 19(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199804000-00002

Arnett, A. B., Pennington, B. F., Willcutt, E. G., DeFries, J. C., & Olson, R. K. (2014). Sex differences in ADHD symptom severity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(6), 632–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12337

Ayearst, L. E., & Bagby, R. M. (2010). Evaluating the psychometric properties of psychological measures. In M. M. Anthony & D. H. Barlow (Eds.), Handbook of assessment and treatment planning for psychological disorders (2nd ed., pp. 31–40). Guilford.

Baglioni, C., Nanovska, S., Regen, W., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Nissen, C., Reynolds, C. F. R., III, & Riemann, D. (2016). Sleep and mental disorders: A meta-analysis of polysomnographic research. Psychological Bulletin, 142(9), 969–990.

Balázs, J., Győri, D., Horváth, L. O., Mészáros, G., & Szentiványi, D. (2018). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and nonsuicidal self-injury in a clinical sample of adolescents: The role of comorbidities and gender. BMC Psychiatry, 18(34), 1–10. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1620-3

Barkley, R. A. (Ed.) (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford.

Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2006). Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: Adaptive functioning in major life activities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 192–202. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000189134.97436.e2

Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Fischer, M. (2008). ADHD in adults: What the science says. Guilford.

Becker, S. P., Epstein, J. N., Tamm, L., Tilford, A. A., TIschner, C. M., Isaacson, P. A., Simon, J. O., & Beebe, D. W. (2019). Shortened sleep duration causes sleepiness, inattention, and oppositionality in adolescents with ADHD: Findings from a crossover sleep restriction/extension study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(4), 433–442.

Becker, S. P., Kapadia, D. K., & Fershtman, C. E. M. (2019). Evening circadian preference is associated with sleep problems and daytime sleepiness in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(1), 1–9.

Becker, S. P., Langberg, J. M., Eadeh, H-M., Isaacson, P. A., & Bourchtein, E. (2019). Sleep and daytime sleepiness in adolescents with and without ADHD: Differences across ratings, daily diary, and actigraphy. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(9), 1021–1031.

Becker, S. P., Langberg, J. M., Evans, S. W., Girio-Herrera, E., & Vaughn, A. J. (2015). Differentiating anxiety and depression in relation to the social functioning of young adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(6), 1015–1029.

Becker, S. P., Luebbe, A. M., & Langberg, J. M. (2012). Co-occurring mental health problems and peer functioning among youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and recommendations for future research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15, 279–302.

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software, Inc.

Blackman, G. L., Ostrander, R., & Herman, K. C. (2005). Children with ADHD and depression: A multisource, multi-method assessment of clinical, social, and academic functioning. Journal of Attention Disorders, 8, 195–207.

Blader, J. C., Pliszka, S. R., Kafantaris, V., Foley, C. A., Crowell, J. A., Carlson, G. A., Sauder, C. L., Margulies, D. M., Sinha, C., Sverd, J., Matthews, T. L., Bailey, B. Y., & Daviss, W. B. (2013). Callous-unemotional traits, proactive aggression, and treatment outcomes of aggressive children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(12), 1281–1293.

Bleidorn, W., & Hopwood, C. J. (2019). Using machine learning to advance personality assessment and theory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(2), 190–203. doi:10.1177/1088868318772990

Bracken, B. A. (1987). Limitations of preschool instruments and standards for minimal levels of technical adequacy. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 5(4), 313–326.

Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54(1), 106–148.

Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005

Bryant, N. D., & Gokhale, S. (1972). Correcting correlations for restrictions in range due to selection of an unmeasured variable. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 32, 305–310.

Burger, J. M. (2008). Personality (7th ed.). Thomson-Wadsworth.

Burns, G. L., Boe, B., Walsh, J. A., Sommers-Flanagan, R., & Teegarden, L. A. (2001). A confirmatory factor analysis on the DSM-IV ADHD and ODD symptoms: What is the best model for the organization of these symptoms? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010314030025

CDC and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2013, April 11). HIPAA Privacy Rule and Public Health. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/m2e411a1.htm

Chalmers, R. P. (2012). mirt: A Multidimensional Item Response Theory package for the R environment [R package version 1.17.1]. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(6), 1–29.

Chalmers, R. P., Counsell, A., & Flora, D. B. (2016). It might not make a big DIF: Improved Differential Test Functioning statistics that account for sampling variability. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 76(1), 114–140. doi:10.1177/0013164415584576

Chang, Z., D’Onofrio, B. M., Quinn, P. D., Lichtenstein, P., & Larsson, H. (2016) Medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk for depression: A nationwide longitudinal cohort study. Biological Psychiatry, 80(12), 916–922. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.018

Chen, W-H., & Thissen, D. (1997). Local dependence indexes for item pairs using item response theory. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 22(3), 265–289. doi:10.3102/10769986022003265

Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5

Christiansen, H., Reh, V., Schmidt, M. H., & Rief, W. (2014). Slow cortical potential neurofeedback and self-management training in outpatient care for children with ADHD: study protocol and first preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 943.

Cicchetti, D., Bronen, R., Spencer, S., Hauti, S., Berg, A., Oliver, P., & Tyrer, P. (2006). Rating scales, scales of measurement, issues of reliability: Resolving some critical issues for clinicians and researchers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(8), 557–564.

Clark, H. J., Solomon, J., Mangalindan, D., Jowkar, G., Rzepa, S., & Ayearst, L. E. (2020, Aug.). Development of the Conners 4 Short form: Applying best practices. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association.

Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309

Clark-Gordon, C. V., Bowman, N. D., Goodboy, A. K., & Wright, A. (2019). Anonymity and online self-disclosure: A meta-analysis. Communication Reports, 32(2), 98–111.

Clemow, D. B., Bushe, C., Mancini, M., Ossipov, M. H., & Upadhyaya, H. (2017). A review of the efficacy of atomoxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adult patients with common comorbidities. Neuropsychiatry Disease and Treatment, 13, 357–371. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S115707

Cliff, N. (1993). Dominance statistics: Ordinal analyses to answer ordinal questions. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), 494–509. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.494

Coghill, D. R., Joseph, A., Sikirica, V., Kosinski, M., Bliss, C., & Huss, M. (2017). Correlations between clinical trial outcomes based on symptoms, functional impairments, and quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(13), 1578–1591. doi:10.1177/1087054717723984

Cohen, J. (1973). Eta-squared and partial eta-squared in fixed factor ANOVA designs. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 33(1), 107–112. doi:10.1177/001316447303300111

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.

Conners, C. K. (2008). Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Conners, C. K. (2008). Conners 3rd Edition. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Conners, C. K. (2009). Conners Early Childhood. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Conners, C. K. (2014). Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition & Conners Continuous Auditory Test of Attention. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Conners, C. K., Erhardt, D., & Sparrow, E. P. (1999). Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Conners, C. K., Erhardt, D., & Sparrow, E. P. (2022). Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales 2nd Edition. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Conti, R. P. (2004). Malingered ADHD in adolescents diagnosed with conduct disorder: A brief note. Psychological Reports, 94, 987–988.

Cortese, S., Faraone, S. V., Konofal, E., Lecendreux, M. (2009). Sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies. Journal of the American Academy in Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 894–908.

Craig, S. G., Weiss, M. D., Hudec, K. L., & Gibbins, C. (2017). The functional impact of sleep disorders in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(4), 499–508. doi:10.1177/1087054716685840

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.

Daviss, W. B. (2008) A review of co-morbid depression in pediatric ADHD: Etiologies, phenomenology, and treatment. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 18(6), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2008.032

De Los Reyes, A., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D. A., Burgers, D. E., & Rabinowitz, J. (2015). The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 858–900.

DeLong, E., DeLong, D., & Clarke-Pearson, D. (1988). Comparing the areas under two or more correlated Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: A nonparametric approach. Biometrics, 44(3), 837–845. doi:10.2307/2531595

Di Trani, M., Di Roma, F., Andriola, E., Daniela, L., Pasquale, P., Silvia, M., & Renato, D. (2014). Comorbid depressive disorders in ADHD : The role of ADHD severity, subtypes, and familial psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Investigation, 11(2), 137–142. doi:10.4306/pi.2014.11.2.137

Dwyer, D. B., Falkai, P., & Koutsouleris, N. (2018). Machine learning approaches for clinical psychology and psychiatry. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 91–118. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045037

Elkins, R. M., Carpenter, A. L., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2014). Inattention symptoms and the diagnosis of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among youth with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 754–760.

Embretson, S. E., & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item Response Theory for psychologists. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Emons, W. H. M., Sijtsma, K., & Meijer, R. R. (2007). On the consistency of individual classification using short scales. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 105–120. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.105

Emser, T. S., Johnston, B. A., Steele, J. D., Kooij, S., Thorell, L., & Christiansen, H. (2018). Assessing ADHD symptoms in children and adults: evaluating the role of objective measures. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 14(1), 11.

Evans, J. D. (1996). Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences. Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.

Federal Trade Commission (2013). Children’s Online Privacy Protection Rule. Federal Register, 78(12), 3972–4014.

First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2016). User’s guide for the SCID-5-CV Structured Clinical Interview for DSM® disorders: Clinical version. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Flannery, W. P., Reise, S. P., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). An Item Response Theory analysis of the general and academic scales of the Self-Description Questionnaire II. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(2), 168–188. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1995.1010

Flesch, R. (1948). A new readability yardstick. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32, 221–233.

Friedman, J. H. (2001). Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine. The Annals of Statistics, 29(5), 1189–1232. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2699986

Gadermann, A. M., Guhn, M., & Zumbo, B. D. (2012). Estimating ordinal reliability for Likert-type and ordinal item response data: A conceptual, empirical, and practical guide. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 17(1), 1–13.

Gathje, R. A., Lewandowski, L. J., & Gordon, M. (2008). The role of impairment in the diagnosis of ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 529–537.

Gnanavel, S., Sharma, P., Kaushal, P., & Hussain, S. (2019). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity: A review of literature. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 7(17), 2420–2426. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v7.i17.2420

Goldstein, S., & Naglieri, J. A. (2016). Rating Scale of Impairment. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Gordon, C. T., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2020). Executive functions in girls with and without childhood ADHD followed through emerging adulthood: Developmental trajectories. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 49(4), 509–523, doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1602840

Govindarajan, V., & Kopalle, P. K. (2005). Disruptiveness of innovations: Measurement and an assessment of reliability and validity. Strategic Management Journal, 27(2), 189–199. doi:10.1002/smj.511

Graham, J. M. (2006). Congeneric and (essentially) tau-equivalent estimates of score reliability: What they are and how to use them. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(6), 930–944.

Gregory, A. M., Agnew-Blais, J. C., Matthews, T., Moffitt, T. E., & Arsenault, L. (2017). ADHD and sleep quality: Longitudinal analyses from childhood to early adulthood in a twin cohort. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(2), 284–294.

Griffin, A., & Hauser, J. R. (1993). The voice of the customer. Marketing Science, 12(1), 1–27. doi:10.1287/mksc.12.1.1

Grysczynski, J., Michell, S. G., Schwartz, R. P., Kelly, S. M., Dušek, K., Monico, L., O’Grady, K. E., Brown, B. S., Marla, O., & Hosler, C. (2019). Disclosure of adolescent substance use in primary care: Comparison of routine clinical screening and anonymous research interviews. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64, 541–543.

Harrison, A. G., & Armstrong, I. T. (2016). Development of a symptom validity index to assist in identifying ADHD symptom exaggeration or feigning. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30, 265–283.

Harrison, A. G., & Edwards, M. J. (2010). Symptom exaggeration in post-secondary students: Preliminary base rates in a Canadian sample. Applied Neuropsychology, 17, 135–143.

Harrison, A. G., Edwards, M. J., & Parker, K. C. H. (2007). Identifying students faking ADHD: Preliminary findings and strategies for detection. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 577–588.

Harrison, A. G., Harrison, K. A., & Armstrong, I. T. (2019). Discriminating malingered attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from genuine symptom reporting using novel personality assessment inventory validity measures. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 3, 1–13.

Harrison, A. G., & Suhr, J. (2021, February 3–4). Issues in assessment of ADHD in both clinical and research settings: The significance of obtaining valid data. MHS ADHD Virtual Summit. https://www.accelevents.com/e/mhsadhdsummit2021

Harvill, L. M. (1991). Standard error of measurement. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 10(2), 33–41.

Hassan, G. A. M., Eissa, A. M., Hwedi, D., Hegazy, D., & Essam, A. (2013). Children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and comorbid depression: A descriptive study. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 20, 140–147.

Haydicky, J., Wiener, J., & Shecter, C. (2017). Mechanisms of action in concurrent parent-child mindfulness training: A qualitative exploration. Mindfulness, 8(4), 1018–1035.

Hu, H-F., Chou, W-J., & Yen, C-F. (2016). Anxiety and depression among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The roles of behavioral temperamental traits, comorbid autism spectrum disorder, and bullying involvement. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(2), 103–109.

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Hummer, T. A., Kronenberger, W. G., Wang, Y. Dunn, D. W., Mosier, K. M., Kalnin, A. J., & Matthews, V. P. (2011). Executive functioning characteristics associated with ADHD comorbidity in adolescents with disruptive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 11–19.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA), Pub. L. No. 108–446, 118 Stat. 2647 (2004). [Amending 20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.].

International Test Commission (2013). ITC Guidelines on Test Use. ITC-G-TU-20131008.

Izzo, V. A., Donati, M. A., Novello, F., Mashietto, D., & Primi, C. (2019). The Conners 3 short forms: Evaluating the adequacy of brief versions to assess ADHD symptoms and related problems. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24(4), 791–808.

Izzo, V. A., Donati, M. A., & Primi, C. (2018). The Conners 3–Self-Report Scale: An empirical support to the dimensionality of the content scales. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23(4), 556–566.

Izzo, V. A., Donati, M. A., & Primi, C. (2019). Assessing ADHD through the multi-informant approach: The contribution of the Conners’ 3 scales. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(6), 641–650.

Jacobson, N. S. & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12–19.

Janes, H. & Pepe, M. S. (2008) Adjusting for covariates in studies of diagnostic, screening, or prognostic markers: An old concept in a new setting. American Journal of Epidemiology 168(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn099

Jarrett, M. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2008). A conceptual review of the comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety: implications for future research and practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1266–1280. doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.05.004

Jarrett, M. A., Wolff, J. C., Davis, T. E., III, Cowart, M. J., & Ollendick, T. H. (2012). Characteristics of children with ADHD and comorbid anxiety. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(7), 636–644. doi:10.1177/1087054712452914

Jenkins, J. R., Hudson, R. F., & Johnson, E. S. (2007). Screening for at-risk readers in a response to intervention framework. School Psychology Review, 36(4), 582–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2007.12087919

Jensen, P.S. (2001). Clinical significance: A step, a misstep, or just a misnomer? Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 436–440.

John, O. P., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2000). Measurement, scale construction, and reliability. In H. T. Reis, & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 339–369). Cambridge University Press.

Johnstone, J. M., Leung, B. M.Y., Srikanth, P., Hatsu, I., Perez, L., Gracious, B., Tost, G., Aman, M. G., Gadow, K. D., Findling, R. L., Bukstein, O., & Arnold, L. E. (2020). Development of a composite primary outcome score for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and emotional dysregulation. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 30(3), 166–172. doi:10.1089/cap.2019.0179

Kessel, J. B., & Zimmerman, M. (1993). Reporting errors in studies of the diagnostic performance of self-administered questionnaires: Extent of the problem, recommendations for standardized presentation of results, and implications for the peer review process. Psychological Assessment, 5(4), 395–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.4.395

Kessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Adler, L. A., Barkley, R. A., Chatterji, S., Faraone, S. V., … Van Brunt, D. L. (2010). The structure and diagnosis of adult ADHD: An analysis of expanded symptom criteria for adult ADHD clinical diagnosis scale (ACDS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(11), 1168–1178. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.146

Kincaid, J. P., Fishburne, R. P., Rogers, R. L., & Chissom, B. S. (1975). Derivation of new readability formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy enlisted personnel (Research Branch Rep. No. 8–75). Naval Air Station.

Kirov, R., & Brand, S. (2014). Sleep problems and their effect in ADHD. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 14, 287–299.

Kline, P. (1986). A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design. Methune.

Kofler, M. J., Groves, N. B., Singh, L. J., Soto, E. F., Chan, E. S. M., Irwin, L. N., & Miller, C. E. (2020). Rethinking hyperactivity in pediatric ADHD: Preliminary evidence for a reconceptualization of hyperactivity/impulsivity from the perspective of informant perceptual processes. Psychological Assessment, 32(8), 752–767. doi:10.1037/pas0000856

Kovacs, M. (2011). Children’s Depression Inventory 2nd Edition. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Krieger, V., & Amador-Campos, J. A. (2018). Assessment of executive function in ADHD adolescents: contribution of performance tests and rating scales. Child Neuropsychology, 24(8), 1063–1087.

Kruyen, P. M., Emons, W. H. M., & Sijtsma, K. (2013). On the shortcomings of shortened tests: A literature review. International Journal of Testing, 13(3), 223–248. doi:10.1080/15305058.2012.703734

Kuhn, M. (2008). Building predictive models in R using the caret package. Journal of Statistical Software, 28(5), 1–26. doi:10.18637/jss.v028.i05

Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & Larsson, J. O. (2006). Genetic contributions to the development of ADHD subtypes from childhood to adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 973–981. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000222787.57100.d8

Lavigne, J. V., Meyers, K. M., & Feldman, M. (2016). Systematic review: Classification accuracy of behavioral screening measures for use in integrated primary care settings. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 41(10), 1091–1109. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsw049

LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11(4), 815–852.

Lenhard, A., Lenhard, W., Suggate, S., & Segerer, R. (2016). A continuous solution to the norming problem. Assessment, 25(1), 112–125. doi:10.1177/1073191116656437

Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical theories of mental test scores. Addison-Welsley Publishing Company.

Maloney, P., Grawitch, M. J., & Barber, L. K. (2011). Strategic item selection to reduce survey length: Reduction in validity? Consulting Psychology Journal, 63(3), 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025604

March, J. S. (2013). Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children 2nd Edition. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Martel, M. M., Levinson, C. A., Langer, J. K., & Nigg, J. T. (2016). A network analysis of developmental change in ADHD symptom structure from preschool to adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(6), 988–1001.

Matthys, W., van Goozen, S. H., de Vries, H., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & van Engeland, H. (1998). The dominance of behavioral activation over behavioral inhibition in conduct disordered boys with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(5), 643–51.

McCaffrey, R. J., Lynch, J. K., Leark, R. A., & Reynolds, C. R. (2020). Pediatric Performance Validity Test Suite. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

McDonald, R. & Ho, M. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7, 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64

McKee, T. E. (2012). Examining the dimensionality of ADHD symptomatology in young adults using factor analysis and outcome prediction. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16, 427–437. doi:10.1177/1087054710396039

McNeish, D. (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412–433.

Meade, A. (2010). A taxonomy of effect size measures for the differential functioning of items and scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(4), 728–743. doi:10.1037/a0018966

Miller, P. J., Lubke, G. H., McArtor, D. B., & Bergeman, C. S. (2016). Finding structure in data using multivariate tree boosting. Psychological Methods, 21(4), 583–602. doi:10.1037/met0000087

Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Dougherty, D. M., Schmitz, J. M., & Swann, A. C. (2001). Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1783–1793. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783

Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., & Harrington, H., … Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 2693–2698. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010076108

Morales-Hidalgo, P., Hernández-Martínez, C., Vera, M., Voltas, N., & Canals, J. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Conners-3 and Conners Early Childhood Indexes in a Spanish school population. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17(1), 85–96.

Moran, P., Coffey, C., Romaniuk, H., Olsson, C., Borschmann, R., Carlin, J. B., & Patton, G. C. (2012). The natural history of self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood: A population-based cohort study. The Lancet, 379, 236–243.

Moreau, V., Rouleau, N., & Morin, C. M. (2013). Sleep of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Actigraphic and parental reports. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 12(1), 69–83. doi:10.1080/15402002.2013.764526

Morris, S. B., & Lobsenz, R. E. (2000). Significance tests and confidence intervals for the adverse impact ratio. Personnel Psychology, 53(1), 89–111.

Moyá, J., Stringaris, A. K., Asherson, P., Sandberg, S., & Taylor, E. (2014). The impact of persisting hyperactivity on social relationships: A community-based, controlled 20-year follow-up study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 18, 52–60. doi:10.1177/1087054712436876

Musso, M. W., & Gouvier, W.D. (2014). “Why is this so hard?” A review of detection of malingered ADHD in college students. Journal of Attention Disorders, 18(3), 186–201.

Muthén, B. O. (1984). A general structural equation model for dichotomous, ordered categorical and continuous latent variable indicators. Psychometrika, 49, 115–132.

Naglieri, J. A., & Chambers, K. M. (2009). Psychometric issues and current scales for assessing autism spectrum disorders. In S. Goldstein, J. A. Naglieri, & S. Ozonoff (Eds.), Assessment of autism spectrum disorders (pp.55–90). Guilford.

Naglieri, J. A., & Goldstein, S. (2013). Comprehensive Executive Function Inventory (CEFI®). Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Narad, M. E., Garner, A. A., Peugh, J. L., Tamm, L., Antonini, T. N., Kingery, K. M. Simon, J. O., Epstein, J. N. (2015). Parent-teacher agreement on ADHD symptoms across development. Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 239–248. doi:10.1037/a0037864

Neal, L. V. I., McCray, A. D., Webb-Johnson, G., & Bridgest, S. T. (2003). The effects of African American movement styles on teachers’ perceptions and reactions. Journal of Special Education, 37(1), 49–57. doi:10.1177/00224669030370010501

Nichols, J. Q. V. A., Shoulberg, E. K., Garner, A. A., Hoza, B., Burt, K. B., Murray-Close, D., & Arnold, L. E. (2017). Exploration of the factor structure of ADHD in adolescence through self, parent, and teacher reports of symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 625–641. https://oi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0183-3

Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339–363.

Norfolk, P. A., & Floyd, R. G. (2016). Detecting parental deception using a behavior rating scale during assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An experimental study. Psychology in the Schools, 53(2), 158–172. doi: 10.1002/pits.21894

Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (2020, September). Privacy Guide for Business. https://priv.gc.ca/en/privacy-topics/privacy-laws-in-canada/the-personal-information-protection-and-electronic-documents-act-pipeda/pipeda-compliance-help/guide_org/

Ogles, B. M., Lunnen, K. M., & Bonesteel, K. (2001). Clinical significance: History, application, and current practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(3), 421–446.

Oh, Y., Yoon, H. J., Kim, J-H., & Joung, Y. S. (2018). Trait anxiety as a mediator of the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom severity and functional impairment. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 16(4), 407–414.

Oosterwijk, P. R., van der Ark, L. A., & Sijtsma, K. (2019). Using confidence intervals for assessing reliability of real tests. Assessment, 26(7), 1207–1216.

Owens, J. A. (2005). The ADHD and sleep conundrum: A review. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 26(4), 312–322.

Palili, A., Kolaitis, G., Vassi, I., Veltsista, A., Bakoula, C., & Gika, A. (2011). Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity—Epidemiology and correlations: A nationwide Greek study from birth to 18 years. Journal of Child Neurology, 26, 199 –204. doi:10.1177/0883073810379640

Parke, E. M., Mayfield, A. R., Barchard, K. A., Thaler, N. S., Etcoff, L. M., & Allen, D. N. (2015). Factor structure of symptom dimensions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1427–1437. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000121

Peralta, G. P., Forns, J., de la Hera, M. G., González, L., Guxens, M., López-Vicente, M., Sunyer, J., & Garcia-Aymerich, J. (2018). Sleeping, TV, cognitively stimulating activities, physical activity, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom incidence in children: A prospective study. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 39(3), 192–199. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000539

Pfeiffer, N., Hagemann, D., & Backenstrass, M. (2011). A new method for estimating the variance overlap between the short and the long form of a psychological test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(2), 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410386782

Piedmont, R. L. (2014). Inter-item correlations. In A. C. Michalos, Ed., Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research, pp. 3303–3304. Springer.

Quinn, C. A. (2003). Detection of malingering in assessment of adult ADHD. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 379–395.

R Core Team (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/

Raiker, J. S., Rapport, M. D., Kofler, M. J., & Sarver, D. E. (2012). Objectively-measured impulsivity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Testing competing predictions from the working memory and behavioral inhibition models of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 699–713. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9607-2

Rammstedt, B. & Beierlein, C. (2014). Can we make it any shorter? Journal of Individual Differences, 35(4), 212–220. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000141

Raykov, T. (1997). Scale reliability, Cronbach’s coefficient alpha, and violations of essential tau-equivalence with fixed congeneric components. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32(4), 329–353.

Reeve, B., & Fayers, P. (2005). Applying item response theory modelling for evaluating questionnaire item and scale properties. In P. M. Fayers & R. D. Hayes (Eds.), Assessing quality of life in clinical trials: Methods and practice (2nd ed., pp. 55–73). Oxford University Press.

Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2015). Behavior assessment system for children (3rd ed.) (BASC–3). NCS Pearson, Inc.

Ricketts, E. J., Sturm, A., McMakin, D. L., McGuire, J. F., Tan, P. Z., Smallberg, F. B., … & Piacentini, J. (2018). Changes in sleep problems across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: Findings from the multimodal treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 28(10), 690–698. doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0038

Ridgeway, G. (2006). gbm: Generalized boosted regression models. R package version, 1(3), 55.

Robinson, M., Boissoneault, J., Sevel, L., Letzen, J., & Staud, R. (2016). The effect of base rate on the predictive value of brain biomarkers. Journal of Pain, 17(6), 637–641. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.476

Roid, G. H. (1983, August). Generalization of continuous norming: Cross-validation of test-score mean estimates. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA.

Roigé-Castellví, J., Morales-Hidalgo, P., Voltas, N., Hernández-Martínez, C., Vigil-Colet, A., & Canals, J. (2020). Predicitve valude of child behavior checklist/6-18, youth self-report and Conners 3 ADHD Index in school-aged children. Psicología Conductual, 28(1), 19–34.

Romano, J., Kromrey, J. D., Coraggio, J., Skowronek, J., & Devine, L. (2006, October 14–17). Exploring methods for evaluating group differences on the NSSE and other surveys: Are the t-test and Cohen’s d indices the most appropriate choices? [Paper presentation] Annual Meeting of the Southern Association for Institutional Research: Arlington, Virginia.

Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36.

Rowley, S. J., Ross, L., Lozada, F. T., Williams, A., Gale, A., & Kurtz-Costes, B. (2014). Framing Black boys: Parent, teacher, and student narratives of the academic lives of Black boys. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 47, 301–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.05.003

Ruiz-Herrera, N., Guillén-Riquelme, A., Díaz-Román, A., Cellini, N., & Buela-Casal, G. (2020). Sleep among presentations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Analysis of objective and subjective measures. International of Clinical and Health Psychology, 20(1), 54–61.

Satorra, A. (2000). Scaled and adjusted restricted tests in multi-sample analysis of moment structures. In R. D. H. Heijmans, D. S. G. Pollock, & A. Satorra (Eds.), Innovations in Multivariate Statistical Analysis. A Festschrift for Heinz Neudecker (pp. 233–247). Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Septier, M., Stordeur, C., Zhang, J., Delorme, R., & Cortese, S. (2019). Association between suicidal spectrum behaviors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 103, 109–118.

Shaw, P., Stringaris, A., Nigg, J., & Leibenluft, E. (2014). Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 276–293.

Shur-Fen, G. S. (2006). Prevalence of sleep problems and their association with inattention/hyperactivity among children aged 6–15 in Taiwan. Journal of Sleep Research, 15, 403–414.

Siekowski, M. (2017). From ADHD pioneer to assessment giant: The improbable journey of Keith Conners, PhD, in his own words. The Score. https://www.apadivisions.org/division-5/publications/score/2017/01/keith-conners

Simioni, A. R., Pan, P. M., Gadelha, A., Manfro, G. G., Mari, J. J., Miguel, E. C., Rohde, L. A., & Salum, G. A. (2018). Prevalence, clinical correlates and maternal psychopathology of deliberate self-harm in children and early adolescents: Results from a large community sample. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 48–55.

Singer, J. B. (2006). Making stone soup: Evidence-based practice for a suicidal youth with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and major depressive disorder. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 6, 234–247.

Smith, G. T., McCarthy, D. M., & Anderson, K. G. (2000). On the sins of short-form development. Psychological Assessment, 12(1), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.102

Smith, Z. R., Eadeh, H-M., Breaux, R. P., & Langberg, J. M. (2018). Sleepy, sluggish, worried, or down? The distinction between self-reported sluggish cognitive tempo, daytime sleepiness, and internalizing symptoms in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Assessment, 31(3), 365–375.

Snyder, T. D., de Brey, C., & Dillow, S. A. (2019). Digest of Education Statistics 2018, 54th Edition. National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2020/2020009.pdf

Sollman, M. J., Ranseen, J. D., & Berry, D. T. R. (2010). Detection of feigned ADHD in college students. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 325–335.

Solomon, J., Rzepa, S., Snetsinger, S., & Ramkhalawansingh, R. (2021, February). Measuring youth ADHD: Psychometric properties of the Conners 4th Edition. Paper presented at the National Association of School Psychologists Annual Convention [Virtual conference]. https://www.nasponline.org/conventions

Statistics Canada. (2017). Education Highlight Tables. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-402-X2016010. Ottawa, ON. Released November 29, 2017. Retrieved from: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/edu-sco/index-eng.cfm.

Stauffer, J., & Mendoza, J. (2001) The proper sequence for correcting correlation coefficients for range restriction and unreliability. Psychometrika, 66, 63–68.

Stein, M. A., Weiss, M., & Hlavaty, L. (2012). ADHD treatments, sleep, and sleep problems: complex associations. Neurotherapeutics, 9, 509–517.

Streiner, D. L. (2003). Being inconsistent about consistency: When coefficient alpha does and doesn’t matter. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(3), 217–222.

Suhr, J. A., Buelow, M., & Riddle, T. (2011). Development of an infrequency index for the CAARS. Journal of Pyschoeducational Assessment, 29(2), 160–170.

Suhr, J. A., Cook, C., & Morgan, B. (2017). Assessing functional impairment in ADHD: Concerns for validity of self-report. Psychological Injury and Law, 10, 151–160.

Sullivan, B. K., May, K., & Galbally, L. (2007). Symptom exaggeration by college adults in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disorder assessments. Applied Neuropsychology, 14(3), 189–207. doi:10.1080/09084280701509083

Sung, V., Hiscock, H., Sciberras, E., & Efron, D. (2008). Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Prevalence and the effect on the child and family. Archives in Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162, 336–342.

Svetina, D., Rutkowski, L., & Rutkowski, D. (2020). Multiple-group invariance with categorical outcomes using updated guidelines: an illustration using Mplus and the lavaan/semtools packages. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(1), 111–130.

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.

Tanaka, J. (1987). “How big is big enough?”: Sample size and goodness of fit in structural equation models with latent variables. Child Development, 58(1), 134–146. doi:10.2307/1130296

The Market Research Society (2016). MRS Guidance Note on Collecting Data on Sex and Gender.

Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou, P. (2015). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135(4), 2014–3482. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3482

Thorell, L. B., Sjöwall, D., Diamatopoulou, S., Rydell, A-M., & Bohlin, G. (2016). Emotional functioning, ADHD symptoms, and peer problems: A longitudinal investigation of children age 6–9.5 years. Infant and Child Development, 26(4), 1–13. doi:10.1002/icd.2008

Tingey, R. C., Lambert, M. L., Burlingame, G. M., & Hansen, N. B. (1996). Assessing clinical significance: Proposed extensions to the method. Psychotherapy Research, 6, 109–123.

Tucha, L., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Koerts, J., Groen, Y., & Thome, J. (2015). Detection of feigned attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, 122(Supplementa 1), S123–S134.

Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170

Um, Y. H., Hong, S-C., & Jeong, J-H. (2017). Sleep problems as predictors in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Causal mechanisms, consequences, and treatment. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 15(1), 9–18. doi:10.9758/cpn.2017.15.1.9

United States Bureau of the Census (2000). United States American Community Survey 2000. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=2000&tid=DECENNIALDPCD110H2000.DP1

United States Census Bureau. (2017). American Community Survey 2016. Government Printing Office. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=2017&tid=ACSST5Y2017.S0501

United States Census Bureau (2018). United States American Community Survey 2018. Government Printing Office. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=s0201&tid=ACSSPP1Y2018.S0201

United States Census Bureau. (2019). American Community Survey 2018. Government Printing Office. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=s0201

United States Code (2017). Title 20 – EDUCATION: Family Educational and Privacy Rights. United States Code, 2012 Edition, Supplement 5, Title 20 – EDUCATION. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2017-title20/USCODE-2017-title20-chap31-subchapIII-part4-sec1232g/summary

Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002

Viladrich, C., Angulo-Brunet, A., & Doval, E. (2017). A journey around alpha and omega to estimate internal consistency reliability. Annals of Psychology, 33(3), 755–782. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.268401

Virring, A., Lambek, R., Jennum, P. J., Møller, L. R., & Thomsen, P. H. (2017). Sleep problems and daily functioning in children with ADHD: An investigation of the role of impairment, ADHD presentations, and psychiatric comorbidity. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(9), 731–740.

Weiss, M. D., McBride, N. M., Craig, S., & Jensen, P. (2018). Conceptual review of measuring functional impairment: Findings from the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 21(4), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2018-300025

Wilkinson, L., & the Task Force on Statistical Inference. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 54, 594–604.

Willcutt, E. G., Nigg, J. T., Pennington, B. F., Solanto, M. V., Rohde, L. A., Tannock, R., … Lahey, B. R. (2012). Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 991–1010. doi:10.1037/a0027347

Williamson, D., & Johnston, C. (2015). Gender differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 15–27.

Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., Evans, S. W., Flinn, S. K., Froehlich, T., Frost, J., Holbrook, J. R., Lehmann, C. U., Lessin, H. R., Okechukwu, K., Pierce, K. L., Winner, J. D., Zurhellen, W., & SUBCOMMITTEE ON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVE DISORDER (2019). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20192528; doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2528

Wu, H., & Estabrook, R. (2016). Identification of Confirmatory Factor Analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical outcomes. Psychometrika, 81(4), 1014–1045. doi:10.1007/s11336-016-9506-0

Yu, L., Buysse, D. J., Germain, A., Moul, D. E., Stover, A., Dodds, N. E., Johnston, K. L., Pilkonis, P. A. (2011). Development of short forms from the PROMIS™ Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment item banks. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 10(1), 6–24. doi:10.1080/15402002.2012.636266

Zachary, R. A., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1985). Continuous norming: Implications for the WAIS-R. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41(1), 86–94. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198501)41:1<86::AID-JCLP2270410115>3.0.CO;2-W

Zhu, J., & Chen, H. (2011). Utility of inferential norming with smaller sample sizes. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(6), 570–580. doi:10.1177/073428291096323

Ziegler, M., Kemper, C. J., & Kruyen, P. (2014). Short scales – five misunderstandings and ways to overcome them. Journal of Individual Differences, 35(4), 2151–2299. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000148

Zumbo, B. D., Gadermann, A. M., & Zeisser, C. (2007). Ordinal versions of coefficients alpha and theta for Likert rating scales. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6(1), 21–29.