The Conners 4–Short was standardized using the same Normative and ADHD Reference Samples as the full-length Conners 4; please see chapter 7, Standardization, for more information about the rated youth and the raters included in this sample. Raw scores for each Conners 4–Short Content Scale and Impairment & Functional Outcome Scale were calculated by summing item responses. For Parent, Teacher, and Self-Report, the distribution of raw scores was explored for differences between the normative age groups, and then regression models were created to generate smoothed means and SDs for each normative age group within each Normative Sample (Combined Gender, Males, Females) and the ADHD Reference Samples (Combined Gender, Males, Females). The same continuous norming process described in Standardization Procedures and Continuous Norming in chapter 7, Standardization, was used to convert raw scores to T-scores for the Conners 4–Short Content and Impairment & Functional Outcome Scales. Using this continuous norming methodology, the Conners 4–Short Content Scales and Impairment & Functional Outcome Scales were standardized to have T-scores with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10. Additionally, percentiles were calculated within each age group (and for the Gender Specific samples, within each gender). Empirical percentiles were calculated for the Normative Samples to reflect the slightly skewed distribution of the raw scores, as opposed to the ADHD Reference Samples, which use theoretical percentiles to better describe the normal distribution of these samples.